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Giudicato of Gallura
The Giudicato of Gallura ((イタリア語:Giudicato di Gallura), (サルデーニャ語:Judicadu de Gallura)) was one of four Sardinian ''giudicati'' of the Middle Ages. These were ''de facto'' independent states ruled by judges bearing the title ''iudex'' (''giudice''). Gallura, a name which comes from ''gallus'', meaning rooster (cock), was subdivided into ten ''curatoriae'' governed by ''curatores'' under the judge. In the 13th century, the arms of Gallura contained a rooster.
Gallura is the northeast region of the island, with its main city at Olbia. The first ''iudices'' of Gallura only appear in the historical record late in the eleventh century, though certain rulers of earlier periods are known. Gallura, like all the other ''giudicati'', initially owed allegiance to the Archdiocese of Pisa, but Gallura, unlike most of the others, remained relatively steadfast in its support of Pisa, probably due its proximity to the city of Pisa itself. For this reason, it was often in alliance with the Giudicato of Cagliari in the south.
== Origins ==
Gallura began as a province of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. After the Arab conquest of Sicily in 827 AD, Sardinia was effectively cut off from regular communication with the Imperial government in Constantinople. Unable to receive instruction or support from the empire, the provincial Byzantine magistrates, the iudices ("judges," the Latin word evolved into the medieval Italian "Giudicati"), continued to rule autonomously. Like the other Sardinian provinces, what were initially appointed, perhaps even elected, positions eventually evolved into hereditary ones.
From the mid-ninth to the early eleventh centuries, little is known at all about Gallura, but around 1050 appears a figure named Manfred who was certainly not the first independent ruler (that appears to be one Baldo). Modern theories generally assume that these early rulers were Pisan governors sent by the Republic. In a letter of Pope Gregory VII dated 1074, he refers to Constantine I of Gallura, probably a member of the Gherardeschi clan. There are legends surrounded Constantine's relationship with the powerful Corsican lords of Cinarca. Whatever his relationship to his predecessors and successors, the dynasty which was to dominate Gallura in the early twelfth century comes into view only around 1100, when the Pisans were expelled by the Thori dynasty, which sat on the throne through Torchitorio I.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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